I passed it the third time. This article is about the mayor of Chicago from 1989 to 2011. I never heard back. Dawn Clark Netsch and State's Attorney Richard M. Daley appear at a news conference on March 22, 1985, to announce their support for legislation for a statewide referendum on merit selection of judges. Sixteen other youths were charged with juvenile and adult offenses. Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was reelected five times until declining to run for a seventh term. Richard J. Daley a 'horribly racist mayor,' great-grandson says in Former Chicago Mayor Richard Daley knows it'll soon be a year since his wife . [222][223][224] Daley joined an exclusive speakers bureau, the Harry Walker Agency, that pays tens of thousands of dollars an appearance. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. There's An Irish Wake for Illinois' Political Machine - POLITICO This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Former Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley looks back on his 40 years of marriage to Maggie Daley and her fight with cancer. Municipal Sewer Services partnered with Brunt Brothers Transfer Inc. in their bid for City sewer-inspection contracts. [91] The Council became even more of a rubber stamp than in Richard J. Daley's terms. If we were running for mayor, here is how we would challenge him", "Daley Backs Marriage for Gays in Chicago", "Judge Rules Report on Police in Chicago Should Be Released", "Report of the Committee against Torture, Thirty-sixth session", "Heavyweight Brawl on Lightweight Airport", "Daley rips up Meigs runways in surprise raid; Terror concerns prompt closing, irate mayor says", "Chicago Mayor Bulldozes A Small Downtown Airport", "AOPA Online: Stranded Meigs pilots can go NOW! Huels and Burke authorized $633,971 in legal consulting fees from their respective Council committees to attorney Michael A. Pedicone, a long-time officer of SDI. Let me put a round up your, you know. I dont think its one of the great political events of the year, Netsch told the Tribune. But Daley went on to become mayor in 1989. About 35% of the 70 firms in the program were suspended or referred to the city's Inspector General. [36][37] Daley's prosecutors convicted Wilson and his brother Jackie of murder, and Andrew Wilson was sentenced to death. [90] A 1978 state law designed by Illinois Democrats gave the Mayor the power to appoint to fill vacancies in the City Council rather than holding special elections, and by 2002 more than a third of the council's 50 aldermen were initially appointed by Daley. In addition, Daley was involved in efforts to bring the 2016 Summer Olympics to Chicago; in 2007 the city was selected as the U.S. candidate to host the 2016 Games, but Chicago ultimately lost the bid. Daley made the first move in reaching out to that crowd. [42][43] Daley finished third. [125] Brunt Brothers Transfer Inc. was one of the largest black-owned contractors in the Hired Truck program. [178] That afternoon, at a press conference concerning the gun ban, Daley said, We'll publicly propose a new ordinance very soon As a city we must continue to stand up and fight for a ban on assault weapons as well as a crackdown on gun shops We are a country of laws not a nation of guns. [182] In August 2010, Fitch Ratings downgraded the city's bond credit rating, citing the administration's use of reserve funds for general operating expenses and under-funding of its pension funds, and noted that the city faced rising fixed operating costs yet lacked plans for new revenue. [31], Brzeczek forwarded the letter to State's Attorney Daley. [62] Daley's first budget proposal, the 1990 budget, included $3 billion in spending, $50 million more than 1989, featured a $25 million reduction in the property tax levy, extended Mayor Sawyer's hiring freeze, piloted recycling, and privatized the city's tow truck fleet. "[217] Chicago avoided some of the most severe economic contractions of other Midwest cities along the Great Lakes such as Detroit and Cleveland. In the year following Richard J. Daleys death, potential claimants to the fifth-floor mayors office were chomping at the bit. Jubilant workers for Richard M. Daley raise the hand of the "champ" on Nov. 5, 1980, in their 11th Ward headquarters after Bernard Carey phoned Daley to concede in their race for state's attorney. William M. Daley (uncle) John P. Daley (uncle) Patrick Richard Daley (born June 10, 1975) is an American businessman. Richard M. Daley Biography, Age, Height, Wife, Net Worth, Family [77] Marina Cartage used Huels' SDI Security services since 1992. [55] In the 1989 general election, Daley faced Republican candidate Edward Vrdolyak, a former Democratic alderman who had opposed Mayor Washington, and Alderman Timothy C. Evans, the candidate of the newly created Harold Washington Party. When do they die the Chicago River Green? CHICAGO, Nov. 22 (AP)Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago, wearing an ascot gray top hat and a broad smile, gave the bride away yesterdayhis second daughter, Mary Carol Daley. [190] On November 4, 2008, Jacquelyn Heard, the mayor's press secretary, said the city would halt spending on 10 public relations contracts that could have paid as much as $5 million each. [87] Daley denied steering contracts to the Duffs, and said he would "look into" the allegations, while stopping short of promising to do so, saying "I don't promise. Cobbs, who lives in Hyde Park, got her medical degree from the University of Wisconsin and specializes in emergency medicine. A number of city employees were indicted and later convicted for taking bribes and promoting less-qualified, politically connected applicants over others. Daley was supported by Chicago's traditionally Republican business community. Advertisement Daley underwent a battery of tests and was resting, said Jacquelyn. CHICAGO Richard M. Daley is getting a new home in Chicago's Gold Coast, and some influential new neighbors. 's political allies blamed Richard M. for splitting the white vote, enabling Washington to become Chicago's first black mayor. Editors note: there are some markings on this historic print. Born on April 24, 1942,[2] he grew up in Bridgeport, an historically Irish-American neighborhood located on Chicago's South Side. Daley explained, "It was my standard stump speech. That year he became the states attorney of Cook county. No bond for man accused of killing Chicago officer, 90-year-old atomic veteran conflicted after medal, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The Untold Truth Of Rod Blagojevich's Wife - NickiSwift.com Richard J. Daley, in full Richard Joseph Daley, (born May 15, 1902, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.died December 20, 1976, Chicago), mayor of Chicago from 1955 until his death in 1976; he was reelected every fourth year through 1975. The only book-length biography of Daley makes no mention of military service. Kapos: Richard Daley moves in with The Carlyle's who's who The incumbent states attorney in 1980 was Bernard Carey, a Republican. "[136], In 2003, an operating company included over 80 investors,[137] including some of Mayor Daley's friends and neighbors[138] won, under controversial circumstances, a lucrative contract to operate the Park Grill, the only restaurant in the new Millennium Park. [155][156] On March 15, 2010, Daley appointed two aldermen on the same day, bringing to 19 the number of alderman initially appointed by Daley. [72][74], Daley took control of the Chicago Public School system in 1995 and appointed Paul Vallas. It was a lapse in judgement for him to get involved with this company. [131] Municipal Sewer Services LLC folded in April 2008. She became the. Daley is a managing principal of Tur Partners LLC, an investment firm, where Daley's son, Patrick Daley, is a principal. The deal drew much criticism, especially after parking prices greatly increased. [10] In 1962, at age 19, home on Christmas break, Daley was ticketed for running a stop sign at Huron and Rush, and the Chicago Sun-Times headline was "Mayor's Son Gets Ticket, Uses No Clout," with a subhead reading "Quiet Boy. Even Rahm Emanuel, whom no one will accuse of being deferential, powered through a 2015 re-election primary against a progressive darling without too much of a headache. Daley's approval rating was at an all-time low of 35% by late 2009. I love him. Congressman Bobby Rush. I know the expectations for elected officials, their families, are very highrightfully soespecially for me. [58][68] Questioned about the city's rising homicide rate on September 10, 1991, Daley said "The more killing and homicides you have, the more havoc it prevents."[69][70]. He also approved expansion of city workers' benefits to their partners regardless of gender, and advocated for gun control. But the guests Richard M. Daley would meet at Netschs salon could speak eloquently to issues galore. In 1996, with Huels' support, the City Council approved a $1.1 million direct grant for the construction of the facility. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The former mayor most recently lived at 900 North Michigan. Daley appointed her to the Chicago Board of Health, CRIME IN CHICAGO: WHAT HAPPENED IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD IN 2016, 'Algren: A Life' Paints Vivid Portrait Of Chicago's Outcast Poet Laureate, 'Out Of The Wreck I Rise,' An Anthology On Addiction That Might Save Lives, Chicago Is Losing Its National Clout, But Fight For Our City Is On, 'Kicking And Screaming' Scores Pullman A Metra Stop Worthy Of A Monument, Mayor Emanuel Pivots While Avoiding Sworn Testimony On CPD Code Of Silence, Maybe It's Time White Sox Fans Rooted For A Cubs World Series Championship, DNAinfo Radio: A Chat About What Trump Said About 'War-Torn' Chicago, Irish 'Movie Hooley' Returns (With Irish Whiskey) To Siskel Film Center, In Criminal Justice System Rigged Against Poor, Even Do-Gooders Stay Silent. As his brother Bill Daley told the Tribune: In a way, it was easier because when my dad was alive, everything Rich did in the senate was seen as a move by Mayor Daley., Or as Richard M. Daley said of his fathers power: He couldnt hand it down. Patrick R. Daley - Wikipedia [96] In May 2006, in Geneva, Switzerland the United Nations Committee Against Torture released a report which noted the "limited investigation and lack of prosecution" into allegations of torture in Areas 2 and 3 of the Chicago Police Department and called on American authorities to "promptly, thoroughly and impartially" investigate the allegations, and provide the committee with more information. In the 18 months from January 12, 2000 to June 6, 2001, only 13 votes in the council were divided, less than one a month. Daley said it was an issue of fairness. [214] According to Chicago Tribune columnist Steve Chapman, "Daley lasted 22 years in office partly because he resolved to ingratiate himself with black Chicagoans. (Karen Engstrom / Chicago Tribune). On April 2, 1987, the Illinois Supreme Court overturned the convictions, ruling that Wilson was forced to confess involuntarily after being beaten by police. [110], The $40 million-a-year Hired Truck program was the biggest scandal of Daley's first 15 years as mayor. [48][168] Daley was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston Mayor Thomas Menino. [184][185], In his annual budget address in City Council Chambers on October 15, 2008, Daley proposed a 2009 budget totaling $5.97 billion, including not filling 1,350 vacancies on the 38,000 employee city payroll and $150 million in new revenue from a then-obscure parking meter lease deal to help erase a $469 million budget shortfall. We compare the reigns of father and son, assessing their triumphs and failures, their impact on the cityand what their enduring dominance at the polls says about us", "Daley Entering Chicago Contest For Mayoralty", "Rich commentary, The words of Mayor Richard M. Daley", "In Chicago, A Political Dynasty Nears Its End", "Group Censures Daley For Disputed Comment", "Daley, Sawyer Campaigns Shift Into High Gear; Mayoral Rivals Crisscross Neighborhoods", "Bernardin Calls For Racial Harmony; Mayor Candidates Praised", "The "wet mayor" legend, a timeline from the news archives", "What's the stoopidest thing Mayor Richard Daley has ever said? In the 1983 Chicago mayoral race, Daley unsuccessfully ran against incumbent Jane Byrne and Harold Washington for the Democratic nomination; Washington won and went on to become the citys first African American mayor. Mayor And Top Cop Are OK With Sparing 1 Officer From Termination, Are You? He answered phones for the 11th Ward Democratic organization, and was its secretary for several years. Print what he meant.. [182] "While there had been sound economic growth in years prior to 2008, there were still sizable fund balance drawdowns in both 2006 and 2007," Fitch wrote. "It's worth it", Daley said. He had multiple bruises, swellings and abrasions on his face and head. For me, that time is now," Daley said. Richard M. Daley was born on the 24th of April, 1942. Sources who were at the George Lucas-Mellody Hobson wedding party, held in June at Promontory Point, said Daley and his date hit it off after meeting at the gym, Kapos reported in Crain's. We interviewed our tech expert, Jaime Vazquez, to learn more about accessible smart home devices. [167], "If it was up to me, no one except law enforcement officers would own a handgun. The five-year, part-time appointment includes responsibility for coordinating a guest lecture series. Daley was also a driving force behind an initiative to have Chicago named as the host of the 2016 Olympic Summer Games. Maggie Daley Park in the Chicago Loop commemorates her, and her nonprofit After School Matters continues to serve Chicago's young people. Daley, Huels, and another close friend Michael Tadin grew up within two blocks on S. Emerald Avenue in Bridgeport. [61] One of the new mayor's first acts was to appropriate the City Council's power to approve city contracts, a right aldermen exercised under former Mayors Washington and Sawyer. [199] He spearheaded the conversion of Navy Pier into a popular tourist destination. "[216] Daley focused on Chicago as a tourist destination as opposed to a manufacturing base, improved and expanded parkland, added flower planters along many primary streets, and oversaw the creation of Millennium Park on what had previously been an abandoned train yard. He was elected as a Democrat to the Illinois Senate in 1972 and served there until 1980. He stated he'd been cuffed to a radiator and pushed into it. The city was fined $33,000, the maximum allowable. Richard M. Daley - Age, Bio, Personal Life, Family & Stats - CelebsAges Patrick and Vanecko failed to disclose their ownership stake in Municipal Sewer Services as required by city ethics ordinances. Another future mayoral aspirant: Congressman Harold Washington. Presiding over the meeting, Daley harshly chastized the dissenting aldermen. [145] Deposed in August 2013 in Mayor Rahm Emanuel's administration's lawsuit to renegotiate the contract, former Mayor Daley responded "I don't recall" 139 times.[146][147]. [182] In January 2011, Moody's Investors Service downgraded to a "negative" outlook some of the revenue bonds issued for the $15 billion O'Hare Modernization Program and related infrastructure projects, citing the city's plan to postpone repayment of interest and principal on some construction bonds. Mayor Daley's Daughter Married to a Physician (Published 1964) [12] Daley later reflected, "I flunked the bar exam twice. That's the wrong word to use. Mutual opposition to the Machine put Mayor Byrne in Careys corner. 32 aldermen supported the mayor 90-100% of the time and another 14 80-89% of the time. [129][130] The city's Inspector General and federal authorities began investigations in December 2007. Andrew Wilson had several linear blisters on his right thigh, right cheek and anterior chest which were consistent with radiator burns. Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte S.A. Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, "US Must Side with Its Young Not Its Guns", "American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation", "Daley's son's secret deal; Mayor signed pacts, but spokeswoman says he didn't know his son was an owner of a sewer-inspection business that did city work", "Mellody Hobson named to head After School Matters", "In Chicago Mayor's View, Same-Sex Nuptials Are Fine", "Is Rich Daley Ready for Reform? [214][215] He came under criticism for focusing city resources on the development of businesses downtown, the North, Near South, and Near West Sides, while neglecting neighborhoods in the other areas of the city; in particular the needs of low-income residents. Daley defeated Sawyer in the primary. "[17] Daley never tried a case. I am more deeply distressed for the welfare of the young man who was injured in this fight. Richard M. Daley's age is 80. It was the least likely gathering of opposites since Napoleon had tea with Madame de Stael, a darling of the 18th-century literati. He left office on May 16, 2011. After Washington died in office in 1987, Daley won a special mayoral election in 1989 and easily won subsequent elections. From the beginning, Daley sought to create the image of a professionally run, well-managed city. Richard M. Daley - Biography - IMDb Here's how Daley did it: As a member of the Illinois state senate and then as the Cook County State's Attorney, Daley joined, and contributed to, the legislative pension plan, the General. Mr. Daley is as complicated as the city he oversees . He was previously married to Margaret C. Daley. If your child will play baseball or softball this spring, youll need to stock up on appropriate clothing and equipment. Richard M. Daley, in full Richard Michael Daley, (born April 24, 1942, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), American lawyer and politician, who became mayor of Chicago in 1989 and who played a major role in transforming it into a dynamic international city. [71][72] On Monday a sobbing Mayor Daley read a statement at a City Hall press conference, pausing repeatedly as he tried to maintain his composure, I am very disappointed, as any parent would be, after his son held a party in their home while his parents were away. There should be a level playing field, where no one has an advantageor a disadvantagein obtaining city contracts, simply because they know me or anyone else in government. After Daley, 71, was photographed with the much younger woman at the wedding, I asked the former mayors longtime spokeswoman, Jackie Heard, to identify the woman who Kapos reported is a 41-year-old doctor. [3][4] Daley is a brother of William M. Daley, former White House Chief of Staff and former United States Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton; John P. Daley, a commissioner on the Cook County Board of Commissioners and chairman of the Board's Finance Committee; and Michael Daley, an attorney with Daley & Georges, a law firm founded by their father Richard J. Daley, that specializes in zoning law and is often hired by developers to help get zoning changes through city hall. Yet criticism and controversy also surrounded Daley. [149][150][151] "I'm the one who started talking about leasing public assets. His father, Richard J., died of a heart attack at the age of 74. [113], Mark Gyrion, Daley's second cousin, was a superintendent of garages for the city's Water Management Department, and among his duties was deciding when City-owned trucks should be sold for scrap. <br>While it's relatively simple to predict his income, it's harder to know how much Richard has spent over the years.Richard M. Daley is a Taurus and was born in The Year of the Horse Daley expanded employee benefits to same-sex partners of City workers, and advocated for gun control. (Ovie Carter / Chicago Tribune). Richard Michael Daley (born April 24, 1942) is an American politician who served as the 54th [1] mayor of Chicago, Illinois, from 1989 to 2011. Dr. John Raba, Medical Director of Cermak Health Services, the prison hospital in the Cook County Hospital system, examined Wilson, determined Wilson had been tortured, and complained in writing to then Chicago Police Superintendent Richard J. Brzeczek: I examined Mr. Andrew Wilson on February 15 & 16, 1982. The younger Daley made a. The two hit it off after meeting at the gym. Former Mayor Daley's Wedding Date is Doctor He Appointed to - DNAinfo [186][187] The Daley administration employed an in-house staff of more than 50 public relations officers across City departments at a cost of $4.7 million, and millions more on seven private public relations firms. I had to keep studying harder and harder and harder. [181] The Daley administration's expenditures exceeded revenues by hundreds of millions of dollars a year. Patrick, then 29 and a recent University of Chicago MBA graduate, enlisted in the US Army. [128], Mayor Daley also said he didn't know if there were other city contracts involving the younger Daley. [24][25], In 1980, Daley challenged incumbent Republican Bernard Carey for Cook County State's Attorney. In 2005, the same year that Time magazine listed him as one of the countrys five best big-city mayors, a scandal erupted over the citys hiring practices. Michael Bilandic, an alderman from Bridgeport, succeeded Richard J. Daley after the Machine literally locked Wilson Frost, a Black alderman, out of the office he claimed he was entitled to as the City Councils president pro tempore. ", "Daley blasts air-ban decisions, Mayor vents anger over flight curbs for Disney parks", "When the mayor bulldozed an airport; Daley's action inspired admiration, outrage and amusement", "Rich and me: How we fell out; I once believed in the bungalow mayor, the neighborhood guy who didn't put on airs. Between 1992 and 1997, the city paid Marina Cartage and another Tadin company $49 million for supplying the city with snow removal and other heavy equipment and operators. Richard M. Daley was born on April 24, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. "[174][175][nb 1] The remark was voted "the stoopidest thing that Mayor Richard Daley the Younger has ever said" in an online poll by the Chicago Tribune.[54]. He appointed blacks to high positions, stressed his commitment to provide services to all neighborhoods, tore down public housing projects, and pushed reform of the minority-dominated public schools. In an open letter to his cousins, Bobby Vanecko also condemns his great-uncle Richard M. Daley and parents' cousin Ald. Dawn Clark Netsch, shown here swinging, and state Sen. Richard M. Daley, playing catcher, joined forces again for a benefit game at a ball field at Sedgwick and Eugenie streets on June 8, 1980, in the Old Town neighborhood of Chicago. There's a lot of buzz over a woman spotted with former Mayor Richard Daley at an event last month. They get it first before we get it? I and every other city official must be prepared to defend every contract on its merits. Someone asked two Filipino and two white youths to leave, racial epithets were exchanged, and a fistfight broke out. Neither Daley nor Cobbs confirmed their dating status to Crain's. Patrick D. Thompson (11th) for racist policymaking. He served until 2011, holding office even longer than his father had even as the political machine Richard J. Daley had built slowly crumbled. It assumes that governments will prudently husband sudden surges of revenue from the lease or sale of assets. ", "Inspector General Releases Review on Efficiency of Motor Truck Driver Job Duties", "Bi-Partisan Coalition of Mayors Against Illegal Guns Holds National Summit in Washington, DC", "Blagojevich, Daley push gun ban; Both plan to make it top priority this year", "Governor Blagojevich, Mayor Daley renew call for state assault weapons ban", "Daley: City ready to act if Supreme Court overturns gun ban", "Chicago Mayor Daley offers to shoot reporter to prove gun ban works", "Mayor Daley Threatens to Shoot the MessengerNamely, Me", "Chicago Mayor Regrets 'Up Your Butt'; Richard Daley, Wielding Gun, Told Reporter 'If I Put This Up Your Butt, You'll Find Out How Effective It Is', "Some Of Mayor Daley's Most Colorful Quotes", "Court rules for gun rights, strikes down Chicago handgun ban", "Daley: City will revise gun law after Supreme Court ruling", "City Council passes Daley gun restrictions 45-0", "Analysis: The city under Daley; The end of the mayor's tenure comes amid increasing signs that much of the official story line might not stand up to scrutiny", "City Budget Problems Lead to Credit Downgrade", "O'Hare expansion bonds' outlook downgraded; Moody's warns of mounting risks that Chicago is taking by going deeper into debt to build more runways at O'Hare without financial support from airlines", "Chicago's Downgraded Bond Rating Means Trouble for O'Hare Modernization", "Daley budget includes parking tax hike, layoffs", "Aldermen gripe louder about Daley budget cuts", "Daley's PR machine; Budget cuts not affecting city's public relations efforts City message coming from a lot of messengers", "Daley reins in radicals -- the Chicago Way", "Aldermen bash city's spending of millions on public relations", "After some bad press, Daley cuts outside PR; Aldermen balk at paying millions to private firms", "Mayor Richard Daley: It's more responsible to tap parking meter reserves than raise taxes", "Daley talks legacy in 2011 budget address", "Daley won't run for re-election: 'I have done my best', "Chicago and the Legacy of the Daley Dynasty", "Daley now Chicago mayor 1 day longer than father", "Poll: 37 percent approval rating for Mayor Daley | ABC7 Chicago | abc7chicago.com", "SEIU Poll: Daley Approval Rating At 41% | Progress Illinois", "Survey: 3-way contest for mayor may lead to runoff", "Corruption Scandal Loosening Mayor Daley's Grip on Chicago", "Rahm Emanuel: The Least Popular Mayor in Modern Chicago History", "Chicago's 1991 mayoral elections: Richard M. Daley wins second term", "National Building Museum to honor Daley for greening of Chicago", "Chicago's 'Mayor for Life' Decides Not to Run", "Daley taking public policy post at U. of C.", "Richard M. Daley appointed distinguished senior fellow at University of Chicago Harris School", "Daley takes job at law firm that got city work; Former mayor is joining Katten Muchin Rosenman in 'of counsel' post, so he won't work exclusively for firm", "Former Chicago Mayor Richard Daley Joins Law Firm Katten Muchin Rosenman", "Mr. Daley's New Chapter, Starting in the Loop", "Daley Named To Coca-Cola's Board Of Directors", "The 100 Most Influential Lawyers in America", "Former Chicago Mayor Richard Daley Transferred to Rehab Facility After 'Neurological Event', "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement", Mayor Daley Backgrounder: Our Best Stories About Richard M. Daley, From His Rise to Power Until Now, Richard M. Daley materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA), Ad Hoc Committee of Proud Black Lesbians and Gays, Good Shepherd Parish Metropolitan Community Church, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_M._Daley&oldid=1142256662, Presidents of the United States Conference of Mayors, Members of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bennett, Petts, & Normington (commissioned by, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 11:04.
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